Laravel as backend and React as frontend

 

Here's an outline for building a project using Laravel as the backend and React as the frontend, with the requested pages: a login page, a register user page, and a dashboard page.

Project Setup

Backend: Laravel

1. Install Laravel

   composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel backend
   

2. Set Up Database

   • Configure .env file with your database credentials.
   • Run migrations:

     php artisan migrate
     

3. Install Laravel Breeze (API) Laravel Breeze provides authentication scaffolding.

   composer require laravel/breeze --dev
   php artisan breeze:install api
   php artisan migrate
   

4. Set Up API Routes Modify routes/api.php for login, registration, and dashboard:

   use App\Http\Controllers\AuthController;
   
   Route::post('/register', [AuthController::class, 'register']);
   Route::post('/login', [AuthController::class, 'login']);
   Route::middleware('auth:sanctum')->get('/dashboard', [AuthController::class, 'dashboard']);
   

5. Create AuthController

   php artisan make:controller AuthController
   

   In AuthController.php:

   namespace App\Http\Controllers;
   
   use Illuminate\Http\Request;
   use App\Models\User;
   use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
   use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
   
   class AuthController extends Controller
   {
       public function register(Request $request)
       {
           $request->validate([
               'name' => 'required|string|max:255',
               'email' => 'required|string|email|max:255|unique:users',
               'password' => 'required|string|min:8',
           ]);
   
           $user = User::create([
               'name' => $request->name,
               'email' => $request->email,
               'password' => Hash::make($request->password),
           ]);
   
           return response()->json(['message' => 'User registered successfully'], 201);
       }
   
       public function login(Request $request)
       {
           $request->validate([
               'email' => 'required|email',
               'password' => 'required',
           ]);
   
           if (!Auth::attempt($request->only('email', 'password'))) {
               return response()->json(['message' => 'Invalid credentials'], 401);
           }
   
           $token = $request->user()->createToken('auth_token')->plainTextToken;
   
           return response()->json(['access_token' => $token, 'token_type' => 'Bearer']);
       }
   
       public function dashboard(Request $request)
       {
           return response()->json(['message' => 'Welcome to the dashboard']);
       }
   }
   

---

Frontend: React

1. Create React App

   npx create-react-app frontend
   cd frontend
   

2. Install Axios for API Requests

   npm install axios
   

3. Set Up Routes Install React Router:

   npm install react-router-dom
   

   Create src/routes.js:

   import React from 'react';
   import { BrowserRouter as Router, Routes, Route } from 'react-router-dom';
   import Login from './pages/Login';
   import Register from './pages/Register';
   import Dashboard from './pages/Dashboard';
   
   const AppRoutes = () => (
       <Router>
           <Routes>
               <Route path="/" element={<Login />} />
               <Route path="/register" element={<Register />} />
               <Route path="/dashboard" element={<Dashboard />} />
           </Routes>
       </Router>
   );
   
   export default AppRoutes;
   

4. Login Page Create src/pages/Login.jsx:

   import React, { useState } from 'react';
   import axios from 'axios';
   
   const Login = () => {
       const [email, setEmail] = useState('');
       const [password, setPassword] = useState('');
   
       const handleLogin = async (e) => {
           e.preventDefault();
           try {
               const response = await axios.post('http://localhost:8000/api/login', { email, password });
               localStorage.setItem('token', response.data.access_token);
               window.location.href = '/dashboard';
           } catch (error) {
               alert('Login failed');
           }
       };
   
       return (
           <form onSubmit={handleLogin}>
               <input type="email" placeholder="Email" value={email} onChange={(e) => setEmail(e.target.value)} />
               <input type="password" placeholder="Password" value={password} onChange={(e) => setPassword(e.target.value)} />
               <button type="submit">Login</button>
           </form>
       );
   };
   
   export default Login;
   

5. Register Page Create src/pages/Register.jsx:

   import React, { useState } from 'react';
   import axios from 'axios';
   
   const Register = () => {
       const [name, setName] = useState('');
       const [email, setEmail] = useState('');
       const [password, setPassword] = useState('');
   
       const handleRegister = async (e) => {
           e.preventDefault();
           try {
               await axios.post('http://localhost:8000/api/register', { name, email, password });
               alert('Registration successful');
               window.location.href = '/';
           } catch (error) {
               alert('Registration failed');
           }
       };
   
       return (
           <form onSubmit={handleRegister}>
               <input type="text" placeholder="Name" value={name} onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)} />
               <input type="email" placeholder="Email" value={email} onChange={(e) => setEmail(e.target.value)} />
               <input type="password" placeholder="Password" value={password} onChange={(e) => setPassword(e.target.value)} />
               <button type="submit">Register</button>
           </form>
       );
   };
   
   export default Register;
   

6. Dashboard Page Create src/pages/Dashboard.jsx:

   import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
   import axios from 'axios';
   
   const Dashboard = () => {
       const [message, setMessage] = useState('');
   
       useEffect(() => {
           const fetchDashboard = async () => {
               try {
                   const token = localStorage.getItem('token');
                   const response = await axios.get('http://localhost:8000/api/dashboard', {
                       headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
                   });
                   setMessage(response.data.message);
               } catch (error) {
                   alert('Failed to load dashboard');
                   window.location.href = '/';
               }
           };
   
           fetchDashboard();
       }, []);
   
       return <h1>{message}</h1>;
   };
   
   export default Dashboard;
   

7. Integrate Routes Update src/index.js:

   import React from 'react';
   import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
   import AppRoutes from './routes';
   
   ReactDOM.render(<AppRoutes />, document.getElementById('root'));
   

---

Run the Application

• Start Laravel server:

  php artisan serve
  

• Start React development server:

  npm start
  

Now, you have a functional Laravel-React project with a login page, register page, and dashboard!

VS Code: Importent extensions

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codeium.codeium
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xabikos.javascriptsnippets

Laravel: Explain Auth::user() in Laravel

 

Auth::user() in Laravel is a method provided by the Authentication Facade (Auth) that retrieves the currently authenticated user for the current request. It is one of the core features of Laravel's authentication system, allowing you to access user details easily.

---

Key Features of Auth::user()

1. Fetches the Authenticated User:

   • Returns the instance of the currently logged-in user as an object.
   • If no user is authenticated, it returns null.

2. User Object:

   • The returned object is an instance of the User model (or the model specified in the auth.php configuration for the guard being used).
   • You can access any property or method defined in the User model, such as:

     $user = Auth::user();
     echo $user->name;  // Access 'name' property
     echo $user->email; // Access 'email' property
     

3. Works with Guards:

   • Auth::user() works with the default web guard unless a specific guard is used.
   • For example, for API authentication:

     $user = Auth::guard('api')->user();
     

4. Use Cases:

   • Displaying user-specific information (e.g., profile data).
   • Checking user roles or permissions.
   • Fetching data related to the authenticated user.

---

Example Usage

1. In a Controller

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;

class ProfileController extends Controller
{
    public function show()
    {
        $user = Auth::user(); // Get the authenticated user
        return view('profile', ['user' => $user]); // Pass user to the view
    }
}

2. In a Blade View

@if (Auth::check())  <!-- Check if user is logged in -->
    <h1>Welcome, {{ Auth::user()->name }}!</h1>
@else
    <p>Please log in to access your account.</p>
@endif

3. Using Auth::user() with Relationships

If your User model has relationships defined, you can use them:

$posts = Auth::user()->posts; // Assuming the User model has a 'posts' relationship

---

Common Scenarios

Check if a User is Logged In

Use Auth::check() to determine if a user is logged in:

if (Auth::check()) {
    echo "User is logged in.";
    $user = Auth::user(); // Fetch authenticated user
} else {
    echo "User is not logged in.";
}

Customize the Authenticated User

You can add additional methods or attributes to the User model and access them using Auth::user():

class User extends Authenticatable
{
    public function isAdmin()
    {
        return $this->role === 'admin';
    }
}

Then use it:

if (Auth::user()->isAdmin()) {
    echo "Welcome, Admin!";
}

---

How it Works

1. Session-Based Authentication (web Guard):

   • When a user logs in, their ID is stored in the session.
   • Auth::user() fetches the user from the database using the ID stored in the session.

2. Token-Based Authentication (api Guard):

   • For API requests, the token is included in the request (e.g., in the headers).
   • The api guard verifies the token and retrieves the corresponding user.

---

Handling Edge Cases

1. User Not Logged In:

   • If no user is logged in, Auth::user() returns null. Always handle this scenario:

     if (Auth::user()) {
         echo "Hello, " . Auth::user()->name;
     } else {
         echo "Please log in.";
     }
     

2. Using Guards:

   • When using multiple guards, you must specify the guard explicitly:

     $user = Auth::guard('api')->user();
     

---

Summary

• Auth::user() retrieves the currently authenticated user.
• It returns an instance of the User model or null if no user is logged in.
• Commonly used to access user details, check authentication, or interact with user-specific data.
• Works seamlessly with Laravel's authentication guards and can handle both session-based and token-based authentication.

Laravel: Explain auth middleware in laravel

The auth middleware in Laravel is a built-in middleware that handles user authentication. It ensures that only authenticated users can access certain routes or controllers. This middleware is a key part of Laravel's authentication system, providing an easy way to restrict access to routes and protect sensitive areas of your application.

---

Key Features of auth Middleware

1. Restricts Access to Authenticated Users:

   • It checks if a user is authenticated.
   • If the user is authenticated, they can proceed to the requested route.
   • If not, they are redirected to the login page or another specified route.

2. Default Authentication Behavior:

   • The auth middleware uses the authentication guards defined in your application to verify user credentials.
   • By default, it uses the web guard for session-based authentication.

3. Redirects Unauthorized Users:

   • Unauthorized users are redirected to the login page (defined by redirectTo() in App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate).

4. Supports Multiple Guards:

   • Laravel supports multiple authentication guards (e.g., web, api) for different user roles or types.
   • You can specify the guard to use, e.g., auth:api for API-based authentication.

---

How auth Middleware Works

1. Middleware Registration:

   • The auth middleware is registered in app/Http/Kernel.php:

     protected $routeMiddleware = [
         // Other middleware
         'auth' => \App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate::class,
     ];
     

2. Middleware Application:

   • You can apply the auth middleware in routes or controllers:
     • Routes:

       Route::middleware('auth')->get('/dashboard', function () {
           return view('dashboard');
       });
       

     • Controllers:

       class DashboardController extends Controller
       {
           public function __construct()
           {
               $this->middleware('auth');
           }
       
           public function index()
           {
               return view('dashboard');
           }
       }
       

3. Redirection for Unauthenticated Users:

   • If a user is not authenticated, the auth middleware redirects them to the login page (/login by default). This redirection path can be customized in App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate:

     protected function redirectTo($request)
     {
         return route('login'); // Change this to customize redirection
     }
     

4. Forcing Specific Guards:

   • The auth middleware can enforce specific guards. For example, to authenticate API users:

     Route::middleware('auth:api')->get('/user', function () {
         return Auth::user();
     });
     

---

Customizing auth Middleware

You can customize its behavior by modifying App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate. Common customizations include:

1. Changing the redirection path for unauthenticated users.
2. Adding custom logic for specific guards.

---

Use Cases for auth Middleware

• Protecting Sensitive Pages:

  • Ensure that only logged-in users can access pages like dashboards, profiles, or admin areas.

• API Authentication:

  • Use auth:api for API routes that require user authentication via tokens.

• Role-Based Access Control:

  • Combine the auth middleware with custom authorization logic to restrict access based on roles.

---

Error Handling

If you try to access a route protected by auth middleware without being logged in:

1. In web applications, you'll be redirected to the login page.
2. In APIs, you'll receive a 401 Unauthorized response if the auth:api middleware is used.

---

Summary

The auth middleware is a vital part of Laravel's authentication system. It simplifies the process of restricting access to routes, supports multiple authentication guards, and is highly customizable for different application needs.

Create root user and password in mysql

 

To create a root user and set a password in MySQL, follow the steps below:

---

1. Access MySQL Server

Log into MySQL as the root user:

sudo mysql -u root

---

2. Create Root User and Password

In MySQL 8.0, you can create a root user with a secure password and appropriate privileges. Run the following SQL commands:

CREATE USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

• Replace 'your_password' with your desired root password.
• The @'localhost' means this root user will only be able to connect locally.

---

3. Allow Root User Remote Access (Optional)

If you want the root user to connect from any remote host (not recommended for production):

CREATE USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

• '%' allows connections from any IP address.

---

4. Verify the Root User

To confirm that the root user has been created successfully, list all users:

SELECT User, Host FROM mysql.user;

You should see the root user you created with the appropriate host.

---

5. Exit MySQL

Exit the MySQL command-line:

EXIT;

---

6. Test Root User Login

Log in with the newly created root user:

mysql -u root -p

• Enter the password you set earlier.

---

Summary of Key Steps:

1. Log into MySQL as the root user.
2. Use CREATE USER and GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES to create and configure the root user.
3. Use FLUSH PRIVILEGES to reload permissions.

Let me know if you encounter any issues! 🚀

How to check apache installed in ubuntu

 

To check whether Apache is installed on an Ubuntu system, you can use the following methods:

---

1. Check Apache Service Status

Run the following command to check if the Apache service exists and its status:

sudo systemctl status apache2

• If Apache is installed, you will see details like its status (active or inactive).
• If Apache is not installed, you will see an error message stating that the service does not exist.

---

2. Check for Apache Package

Use the dpkg or apt command to check if Apache is installed as a package:

dpkg -l | grep apache2

OR

apt list --installed | grep apache2

• If Apache is installed, the output will show the Apache package (e.g., apache2).

---

3. Check Apache Executable

You can check if Apache's binary exists in the system path:

which apache2

• If Apache is installed, this command will show the path to the apache2 binary (e.g., /usr/sbin/apache2).

---

4. Check HTTP Port 80

If Apache is running, it will typically listen on port 80. Check this with:

sudo lsof -i :80

• If Apache is running, you will see an entry like apache2 listening on port 80.

---

5. Check Apache Version

If Apache is installed, you can check its version directly:

apache2 -v

• If Apache is installed, it will display the version information.

---

6. Check for Apache Default Page

If Apache is running, test it by accessing the default web page:

1. Open a web browser.

2. Enter your server's IP address or localhost:

   http://localhost
   

   OR

   http://<server-ip-address>
   

3. If Apache is running, you will see the Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page.

---

Summary

If Apache is not installed, install it with:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install apache2 -y

Let me know if you need help installing or configuring Apache! 🚀

Install mySQL8 in ubuntu

 

To install MySQL 8 on an Ubuntu system, follow these steps:

---

Step 1: Update System Packages

Update the package index to ensure your system is up-to-date.

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y

---

Step 2: Install MySQL APT Repository

Ubuntu's default repository may not include MySQL 8. To get MySQL 8, you need to download the MySQL APT repository.

1. Download the repository package:

wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.29-1_all.deb

2. Install the downloaded package:

sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.29-1_all.deb

3. During installation:
   • You will see a configuration screen.
   • Select MySQL Server & Cluster (currently MySQL 8.0).
   • Press OK to continue.

---

Step 3: Install MySQL Server

Once the repository is set up, install MySQL 8:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install mysql-server -y

---

Step 4: Secure MySQL Installation

After installation, secure the MySQL setup using the following command:

sudo mysql_secure_installation

You will be prompted to:

• Set a root password.
• Remove anonymous users.
• Disable root login remotely.
• Remove test databases.
• Reload privileges.

Answer Y (yes) to all prompts for a secure configuration.

---

Step 5: Verify MySQL Service

1. Ensure MySQL is running:

sudo systemctl status mysql

2. Enable MySQL to start on boot:

sudo systemctl enable mysql

---

Step 6: Connect to MySQL

You can connect to MySQL as the root user:

sudo mysql -u root -p

Enter the root password you set earlier.

---

Optional: Allow Remote Access

If you want to allow remote connections to your MySQL server:

1. Edit the MySQL configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf

2. Find the line with bind-address and change it to:

bind-address = 0.0.0.0

3. Restart MySQL:

sudo systemctl restart mysql

4. Open MySQL and grant remote access:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password' WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

5. Allow MySQL port (3306) through the firewall:

sudo ufw allow 3306

---

Final Notes

You now have MySQL 8 installed and running on Ubuntu. You can start creating databases, users, and tables.

Let me know if you encounter any issues! 🚀

Installation in Ubuntu: PHP 7.0.0

 

To install PHP 7.0.0 on an Ubuntu system, follow the steps below. Please note that PHP 7.0 is an older version, and support for it has ended, so it is generally recommended to use a more recent version of PHP if possible. However, if you specifically need PHP 7.0.0 for compatibility reasons, here's how you can install it:

Step 1: Add the PHP Repository (if needed)

PHP 7.0 is not available in the default Ubuntu repositories for newer versions of Ubuntu. You can use the Ondřej Surý's PPA repository, which provides PHP packages for older versions.

1. First, update your package list and install the necessary software to add the PPA repository:

   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install software-properties-common
   

2. Add the repository:

   sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
   

3. Update the package list again:

   sudo apt update
   

Step 2: Install PHP 7.0

Now that the repository has been added, you can install PHP 7.0.0 and related packages.

1. Install PHP 7.0:

   sudo apt install php7.0
   

2. To install additional PHP 7.0 packages (like PHP-FPM, PHP-CLI, or other commonly used PHP extensions), you can do so with the following commands:

   sudo apt install php7.0-cli        # Command line interface
   sudo apt install php7.0-fpm        # PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager)
   sudo apt install php7.0-mysql      # MySQL support
   sudo apt install php7.0-xml        # XML support
   sudo apt install php7.0-curl       # cURL support
   sudo apt install php7.0-mbstring   # Multibyte string support
   sudo apt install php7.0-zip        # ZIP support
   

   You can install other extensions depending on your project’s needs.

Step 3: Verify the Installation

To check if PHP 7.0 is installed successfully, you can run:

php -v

You should see an output similar to this:

PHP 7.0.0 (cli) (built: ...)

This confirms that PHP 7.0.0 is successfully installed.

Step 4: Set PHP 7.0 as the Default (if multiple PHP versions are installed)

If you have multiple PHP versions installed, you can set PHP 7.0 as the default by running:

sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php7.0
sudo update-alternatives --set phpize /usr/bin/phpize7.0
sudo update-alternatives --set php-config /usr/bin/php-config7.0

Step 5: Restart Your Web Server (if needed)

If you're using PHP with Apache or Nginx, make sure to restart your web server for the changes to take effect:

For Apache:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

For Nginx (if you're using PHP-FPM):

sudo systemctl restart php7.0-fpm
sudo systemctl restart nginx

Conclusion

PHP 7.0 should now be installed on your system. Keep in mind that PHP 7.0 has reached its end of life and no longer receives security updates, so consider upgrading to a more recent version if possible.

Let me know if you need any further assistance!

SEBA Class IX English Half Yearly Question Paper 2024 Answers

 

Total Numbers of Printed Pages-8

BD-HY-24

District Level Internal Examination Committee, Barpeta

Half Yearly Examination-2024

Class-IX

Sub-English

Time: 3 hours

Full Marks: 90

(The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the Questions)

[SECTION-A]

Choose the correct option for the following (Q. No. 1 to Q.No. 45) 1×45=45

1. Margie had to write out her homework.

(A) In Russian

(B) In Punch Code

(C) In English

(D) In Mother-tongue

Answer:

(B) In Punch Code

Explanation:

Margie had to write her homework in Punch Code, which was the language her mechanical teacher used to read and evaluate her work.

2. Tommy was years old.

(A) 11 years

(B) 12 years

(C) 13 years

(D)15 years

Answer:

(C) 13 years

3. Read the following statements with reference to "The Fun They Had" and choose the correct option:

Statement 1: Margie hates her new kind of school.

Statement 2: Margie is a lazy girl.

(A) Statement I is true and Statement 2 is false.

(B) Statement I is false and Statement 2 is true.

(C) Both Statement I and Statement 2 are true.

(D) Both Statement I and Statement 2 are false.

Answer:

(A) Statement I is true and Statement 2 is false.

Explanation:

• Statement 1: Margie hates her new kind of school because she finds it mechanical and boring, with no real human interaction like the old schools described in the story.

• Statement 2: Margie is not lazy. She is curious about the schools of the past, which shows her interest in learning and imagination.

4. According to Tommy, the real book was-

(A) Interesting

(B) Fiction

(C) A waste

(D) Boring

Answer:

(C) A waste

Explanation:

According to Tommy, the real book was a waste because once you read it, you couldn't do anything with it. He found the idea of a printed book impractical compared to their digital, reusable screens.

5. Tommy found the real book-

(A) In a public library

(B) In his house

(C) In school

(D) In a library

Answer:

(B) In his house

Explanation:

Tommy found the real book in the attic of his house. It was an old, dusty book, and he showed it to Margie.

6. "Sure they had a teacher, but it wasn't a regular teacher".

Here' regular teacher' means-

(A) Mechanical teacher

(B) Human being

(C) Geography teacher

(D) Mathematics teacher.

Answer:

(A) Mechanical teacher

Explanation:

In the context of the story, the "regular teacher" refers to the mechanical teacher, which Margie and Tommy were accustomed to. The contrast in the statement highlights the difference between their mechanical teacher and the human teachers of the past.

7. Margie was `scornful`.

Choose the word which is same as the underlined word.

(A) Contemptuous

(B) Faded

(C) Angery

(D) Happy

Answer:

(A) Contemptuous

Explanation:

The word "scornful" means feeling or expressing contempt or disdain. "Contemptuous" is a synonym of "scornful," whereas the other options do not match the meaning.

8. Which is India's highest civilian award?

(A) the Padmashri

(C) the Padma Vibhushan

(B) the Padma Bhushan

(D) the Bharat Ratna

Answer:

(D) the Bharat Ratna

Explanation:

The Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award. It is awarded for exceptional service or performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavor.

9. The sound of the Shehnai began to be considered _____________

(A) auspicious

(B) noisy

(C) soothing

(D) unpleasant

Answer:

(A) auspicious

Explanation:

The sound of the shehnai began to be considered auspicious due to its association with traditional ceremonies, especially weddings and religious events in India.

10. "Work hard and you shall make it", This complement was given to Bismillah Khan by

(A) Ustad Faiyaz Khan

(B) Rasool Bux khan

(C) Paigambar Bux

(D) King Zahir Shah

Answer:

(A) Ustad Faiyaz Khan

Explanation:

It was Ustad Faiyaz Khan who encouraged the young Bismillah Khan with the words, "Work hard and you shall make it." This compliment was given after Bismillah Khan's performance at the Allahabad Music Conference when he was just 14 years old.

11. Read the following statements with reference to "The Shehnai of Bismillah Khan" and choose the correct option

Statement 1: Emperor Aurangzeb banned the playing of a musical instrument called 'pungi' because of its unpleasant sound.

Statement 2: A barber of a professional muscians' family improved the tonal quality of the pungi.

(A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false.

(B) Statement I is false and Statement 2 is true.

(C) Both Statement I and Statement 2 are true.

(D) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false.

Answer:

(C) Both Statement I and Statement 2 are true.

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is true: Emperor Aurangzeb banned the playing of the pungi because he found its sound unpleasant.

• Statement 2 is also true: A barber from a family of professional musicians, named Bismillah Khan's ancestor, improved the tonal quality of the pungi and renamed it shehnai, which became a respected musical instrument.

12. "Evelyn confesses that she is something of a workaholic.

Choose the word which is the same as the underlined word.

(A) a person who finds it difficult to stop working.

(B) a person who wants to be a muscian.

(C) a person who plays the drum.

(D) a person who is not interested in working.

Answer:

(A) a person who finds it difficult to stop working.

Explanation:

A workaholic is someone who is addicted to work and finds it difficult to stop working, often to the detriment of their personal life or well-being.

13. Evelyn's potential was spotted by

(A) her teacher

(C) her mother

(B) Ron Forbes

(D) her friends.

Answer:

(B) Ron Forbes

Explanation:

Ron Forbes, a famous percussionist, was the one who spotted Evelyn's potential as a musician. He encouraged her and helped her develop her skills despite her being deaf.

14. Read the following statements with reference to "Evelyn Glennie listens to sound without hearing it" and choose the correct option:

Statement 1: Evelyn Glennie could sense certain notes in different parts of her body.

Statement 2: Evelyn Glennie could feel the higher drum from the waist up and the lower one from the waist down.

(A) Staternent 1 is true and Statement 2 is false.

(B) Statement I is false and Statement 2 is true.

(C) Both Statement I and Statement 2 are true.

(D) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false.

Answer:

(C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is true: Evelyn Glennie could sense certain notes in different parts of her body, allowing her to "listen" to music through vibrations.

• Statement 2 is also true: She could feel the vibrations of the higher-pitched drum from the waist up and the lower-pitched drum from the waist down. This ability helped her perceive the music despite being deaf.

15. Royal Academy of music is situated in

(A) United Kingdom

(C) Paris

(B) U.S.A

(D) India

Answer:

(A) United Kingdom

Explanation:

The Royal Academy of Music is located in London, United Kingdom. It is one of the leading conservatories for music education in the world.

16. "Evelyn speaks flawlessly with a Scottish lilt". Here, the underlined word means

(A) without a fault or mistake

(B) with a rapid speed

(C) way of speaking

D) echoes of sound

Answer:

(A) without a fault or mistake

Explanation:

In this context, "flawlessly" means speaking without any faults or mistakes, indicating that Evelyn speaks perfectly, despite her deafness.

18. Abdul Kalam Inherited honesty and self-discipline from his

(A) mother

(B) friends

(C) siblings

(D) father

Answer:

(D) father

Explanation:

Abdul Kalam inherited honesty and self-discipline from his father, who was a role model for him. His father instilled in him these important values that shaped his character throughout his life.

17. Dinamani is-

(A) a newspaper

(B) a novel

(C) a magazine

(D) a story-book

Answer:

(A) a newspaper

Explanation:

Dinamani is a Tamil-language newspaper. It was an important source of news for Abdul Kalam, and he would often read it to stay informed.

19. Abdul Kalam's father believed in

(A) Freedom of thoughts

(B) Communal difference

(C) Caste system

(D) Supernatural power

Answer:

(A) Freedom of thoughts

Explanation:

Abdul Kalam's father, Jainulabdeen, believed in the freedom of thoughts and always encouraged his children to think independently and follow their own path. He did not believe in communal differences or the caste system, and he valued rational thinking and intellectual freedom.

20. "Indians will build their own India"- this line is said by

(A) APJ Abdul Kalam

(B) Mahatma Gandhi

(C) Sivasubramania

(D) Ramanadha Sastry

Answer:

(B) Mahatma Gandhi.

Explanation:

This line was a declaration by Gandhiji during the time when India’s freedom was nearing. He expressed his belief in the ability of Indians to build a free and self-reliant nation.

21. Abdul Kalam wanted to go to Ramanathapuram

(A) to enjoy holiday

(B) to study further.

(C) to work

(D) to settle there.

Answer:

(B) to study further.

Explanation:

Abdul Kalam wanted to go to Ramanathapuram to study further. He asked his father for permission to leave Rameswaram and pursue his education at the district headquarters in Ramanathapuram, marking an important step in his academic journey.

22. Sivasubramania's wife was

(A) generous

(C) angry

(B) shy

(D) conservative

Answer:

(D) conservative

Explanation:

Sivasubramania Iyer's wife was described as conservative in the context of the story. She was an orthodox Brahmin, reflecting traditional values.

23. "I have a golden bed-room" he said softly to himself as he looked around. Here T' refers to- [Hint: The Happy Prince]

(A) Happy Prince

(C) a seamstress.

(B) little swallow

(D) little matchgirl

Answer:

(B) little swallow

Explanation:

In "The Happy Prince", the little swallow says, "I have a golden bed-room," as he perches between the feet of the statue of the Happy Prince. He is speaking to himself while preparing to rest in his new location.

24. Read the following statements with reference to "The Adventures of Toto" and choose the correct option:

Statement 1: Grandmother always fussed when grandfather brought home some new bird or animal.

Statement 2: Grandmother never accepted Toto

(A) Statement I is true and Statement 2 is false.

(B) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true.

(C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

(D) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false.

Answer:

(A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false.

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is true: Grandmother always fussed when grandfather brought home some new bird or animal, as she did not like these additions to the house.

• Statement 2 is false: Grandmother did not completely reject Toto. While she did not approve of him initially, she later accepted him after seeing his antics and playful behavior.

25. "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood" [Hint: The Road Not Taken']

What is the meaning of the underlined word?

(A) separated and took a different direction.

(B) to be torn

(C) to break

(D) separate into pieces

Answer:

(A) separated and took a different direction.

Explanation:

In the poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost, the word "diverged" means that the two roads separated and took different directions. The poet is reflecting on the moment when he had to choose between two paths in a yellow wood.

26. Robert Frost is-

(A) an American Poet

(C) an Indian Pact

(B) a British poet

(D) an Irish poet

Answer:

(A) an American Poet

Explanation:

Robert Frost was a renowned American poet known for his vivid portrayal of rural life and his mastery of traditional verse forms.

27. In the poem "The Road Not Taken", the poet talks about-

(A) the plight of roads.

(B) the choices made by people

(C) the people.

(D) the nature

Answer:

(B) the choices made by people

Explanation:

In the poem "The Road Not Taken", Robert Frost reflects on the choices people make in life. The poet uses the metaphor of two diverging roads to represent the decisions we face, and how those choices shape our future.

28. In the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", what time of day is described as full of the linnet's wings?

(A) Morning

(B) Afternoon

(C) Evening

(D) Night

Answer:

(A) Morning

Explanation:

In the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" by W.B. Yeats, the reference to the linnet's wings occurs in the morning. The poet describes the peaceful and natural scene he yearns for, where the morning is full of the sound of linnets (a type of bird), symbolizing tranquility and beauty.

29. In the poem, "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", the poet expresses a longing for-

(A) The ocean's vastness and power.

(B) The bustling city life and its excitement

(C) The peace and tranquility of Innisfree

(D) The adventure of travelling to new lands

Answer:

(C) The peace and tranquility of Innisfree

Explanation:

In the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", the poet W.B. Yeats expresses a longing for the peace and tranquility of the island of Innisfree. He yearns for the calm and solitude that the island offers, away from the noise and bustle of everyday life.

30. The poet of the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is -

(A) William Butler Yeats

(B) Robert Frost

(C) William Wordsworth

(D) John Keats

Answer:

(A) William Butler Yeats

Explanation:

The poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" was written by William Butler Yeats, an Irish poet. The poem reflects his deep longing for peace and solitude, symbolized by the tranquil island of Innisfree.

31. In the poem, "A Legend of the refers to Northland", here the word 'Legend'

(A) Saint Peter

(C) little woman

(B) old traditional story

(D) a bird

Answer:

(B) old traditional story

Explanation:

In the poem "A Legend of the Northland", the word 'Legend' refers to an old traditional story. The poem tells a tale based on folklore and legends, illustrating moral lessons through a mythical narrative.

32. Saint Peter asked for from the little woman

(A) something to eat

(B) a single cake

(C) a dozen of cakc

(D) a loaf of bread

Answer:

(B) a single cake

Explanation:

In the poem "A Legend of the Northland", Saint Peter asked the little woman for a single cake. She was making cakes for herself, and he requested one, but she, being selfish, refused to give him even a small one.

33. The selfish woman changed into-

(A) a crow

(B) an eagle

(C) a wood pecker

(D) a cat

Answer:

(C) a woodpecker

Explanation:

In the poem "A Legend of the Northland", the selfish woman was transformed into a woodpecker as a punishment for her greed and selfishness. This transformation is part of the moral lesson of the poem.

34. It __________ since morning. Choose the correct tense form

(A) has been raining

(B) have been raining

(C) is raining

(D) was raining

Answer:

(A) has been raining

Explanation:

The sentence refers to an action that started in the past and continues to the present. Therefore, the correct tense is the present perfect continuous tense:
"It has been raining since morning."

35. When father entered the room, she ________

(A) is reading.

(B) was reading.

(C) has been reading.

(D) had been reading.

Answer:

(B) was reading.

Explanation:

The sentence describes an action that was in progress at a specific moment in the past. The past continuous tense ("was reading") is used to show that the action was happening when the father entered the room.

36. Rima _______ to read novels.

(A) like

(B) Likes

(C) liking

(D) liked

Answer:

(B) likes

Explanation:

The subject "Rima" is singular, so the verb should be in the present tense with an "s" added: "likes" to read novels.

37. What _______ he do yesterday

(A) did

(B) does

(C) done

(D) had done

Answer:

(A) did

Explanation:

The sentence refers to an action that happened in the past, so the correct verb form is the past tense: "What did he do yesterday?"

38. We ___________ to go to Mumbai next month.

(A) Will want

(B) Wanted

(C) has wanted

(D) Want

Answer:

(D) Want

Explanation:

The sentence expresses a future intention, so the correct form of the verb is the present tense ("want") used to talk about future plans:
"We want to go to Mumbai next month."

39. What caused the suspension of the train halt?

(A) it was destroyed

(B) the war

(C) agitation

(D) The passengers

Answer:

(B) the war

Explanation:

The suspension of the train halt at Rameswaram station occurred due to the outbreak of the Second World War. The war led to changes in services, including the suspension of train halts and other disruptions.

40. Toto suddenly poked his head out of the bag and gave the ticket collector a wide ____________

(A) grin

(B) frown

(C) pout

(D) scowl

Answer:

(A) grin

Explanation:

In "The Adventures of Toto", Toto, the monkey, poked his head out of the bag and gave the ticket collector a wide grin, which refers to a broad smile. This reaction is typical of the mischievous nature of Toto.

Directions: Question Nos. 41-45 are based on unseen comprehension. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions

The fossil fuel, firewood, and other things that we bum produce oxides of carbon which got released into the atmosphere. Earlier there happens to be a large number of trees which can easily filter the air we breathe in. But with the increase in demand for land, the people started cutting down of trees which caused deforestation. That ultimately reduced the filtering capacity of the tree. Moreover, during the last few decades, the numbers of fossil fuel burning vehicle increased rapidly which increased the number of pollutants in the air.

The main causes of air pollution include burning of fos tuel and firewood, smoke released from factories, volcanic eruptons. forest fires, bombardment, asteroids, carbon oxides, Chlorofluoro- carbons and many more. Besides, there are some other air poliut- ants like industrial waste, agricultural waste, power plants, thermal nuclear plants, etc. The greenhouse effect is also the cause of air pollution because air pollution produces the gases that greenhouse involves. Besides, it increases the temperature of earth surface so much that the polar caps are melting and most of the UV rays are easily penetrating the surface of the earth.

The air pollution has many bad effects on the health of people. It is the cause of many skins and respiratory disorder in human beings. Also, it causes heart disease too. Air pollution causes asthma, bronchitis, and many other diseases.

41. The fossil fuel, firewood, and other things that we burn produce -

(A) oxides of nitrogen

(B) oxides of carbon

(C) oxides of sulphur

(D) oxides of phosphorus

42. The trees filter the gas evolved from burning down fossil fuel -

[6]

(A) oxides of phosphorus

(C) oxides of chlorine

43. The CFC stands for -

(A) Chlorofluorochloro

(C) Chlorofluorocarbon

(B) oxides of sulphur

(D) oxides of carbon

(B) Carbonfinecarbon

(D) Carbonfluorochromium

44. The greenhouse effect is caused by-

(A) Carbon dioxide

(C) Chlorine oxide

(B) Phosphorus pentoxide

45. The air pollution mainly causes following respiratory disorder-

(A) asthma

(C) meningitis

(D) Manganese dioxide

(B) cancer

(D) leprosy

[SECTION-B]

46. Answer the following questions briefly:

(a) Why did Margie hate school?

2×5-10

(b) When and how did Bismillah Khan get his big break?

(c) How did Abdul Kalam earn his first wages?

(d) Analyse the character of Abdul Kalam's mother.

(e) What is poet's dilemma in "The Road Not Taken"?

[SECTION-C]

47. Why does grandfather take Toto to Saharanpur and how? Why does the ticket Collector insist on calling Toto a dog? 2+2=4

Or

How does Toto take a bath? Where has he learnt to do this?

How does Toto almost boil himself alive?

48. Why do the courtiers call the prince "The Happy Prince?? Is he really happy? Or 2+2-4 What are the precious things mentioned in the story? Why are they precious? 2+2-4

[SECTION-D]

49. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1x5-5

(a) This shop doesn't have the toys I am looking. (up/for/in)

(b) My birthday is Monday (in/on/at)

(c) He fell his horse (from/of/off)

(d) She is not home. (in/at/on)

(e) You should apply that post (to/for/on)

50. Rearrange the following jumble words into meaningful sentences: 1×3=3

(a) All over/spoken/is/the/world/English

(b) never/your/l/forget/ advice

(c) Carry/many/it/can/passengers.

51. Rewrite the following sentences as directed:

1×5=5

(a) She did the household work. (Make it interrogative sentence)

(b) You like playing. (Add a question tag)

(c) I want to go to school.

(Ask a question with "where" to get the answer)

(d) The child is much better now

(Ask a question with 'How' to get the answer)

(e) She sings well. (add a question tag)

[SECTION-E]

52. Amplify any one of the following?

(a) Knowledge is power.

(b) Rome was not built in a day.

53. Translate into Mother tongue:

1×4=4

(a) There is a library in our school.

(b) We live in a village.

(c) Assam is famous for tea..

(d) He likes to read stories; doesn't he?

54. Prepare a newspaper report using the following information. 5

Celebration of World Environment Day-5th June, 2024-9:30

AM-Tree Plantation Programme by the students and the teacher- Awareness Speech given by the Principal of your school-Poster Making Competition-Prize distribution-Closing of the event.

27. In the poem "The Road Not Taken", the poet talks about-

(A) the plight of roads.

(B) the choices made by people

(C) the people.

(D) the nature

Answer:

(B) the choices made by people

Explanation:

In the poem "The Road Not Taken", Robert Frost reflects on the choices people make in life. The poet uses the metaphor of two diverging roads to represent the decisions we face, and how those choices shape our future.

28. In the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", what time of day is described as full of the linnet's wings?

(A) Morning

(B) Afternoon

(C) Evening

(D) Night

Answer:

(A) Morning

Explanation:

In the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" by W.B. Yeats, the reference to the linnet's wings occurs in the morning. The poet describes the peaceful and natural scene he yearns for, where the morning is full of the sound of linnets (a type of bird), symbolizing tranquility and beauty.

29. In the poem, "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", the poet expresses a longing for-

(A) The ocean's vastness and power.

(B) The bustling city life and its excitement

(C) The peace and tranquility of Innisfree

(D) The adventure of travelling to new lands

Answer:

(C) The peace and tranquility of Innisfree

Explanation:

In the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", the poet W.B. Yeats expresses a longing for the peace and tranquility of the island of Innisfree. He yearns for the calm and solitude that the island offers, away from the noise and bustle of everyday life.

30. The poet of the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is -

(A) William Butler Yeats

(B) Robert Frost

(C) William Wordsworth

(D) John Keats

Answer:

(A) William Butler Yeats

Explanation:

The poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" was written by William Butler Yeats, an Irish poet. The poem reflects his deep longing for peace and solitude, symbolized by the tranquil island of Innisfree.

31. In the poem, "A Legend of the refers to Northland", here the word 'Legend'

(A) Saint Peter

(C) little woman

(B) old traditional story

(D) a bird

Anser:

(B) old traditional story

Explanation:

In the poem "A Legend of the Northland", the word 'Legend' refers to an old traditional story. The poem tells a tale based on folklore and legends, illustrating moral lessons through a mythical narrative.

32. Saint Peter asked for from the little woman

(A) something to eat

(B) a single cake

(C) a dozen of cakc

(D) a loaf of bread

Answer:

(B) a single cake

Explanation:

In the poem "A Legend of the Northland", Saint Peter asked the little woman for a single cake. She was making cakes for herself, and he requested one, but she, being selfish, refused to give him even a small one.

33. The selfish woman changed into-

(A) a crow

(B) an eagle

(C) a wood pecker

(D) a cat

Answer:

(C) a woodpecker

Explanation:

In the poem "A Legend of the Northland", the selfish woman was transformed into a woodpecker as a punishment for her greed and selfishness. This transformation is part of the moral lesson of the poem.

34. It __________ since morning. Choose the correct tense form

(A) has been raining

(B) have been raining

(C) is raining

(D) was raining

Answer:

(A) has been raining

Explanation:

The sentence refers to an action that started in the past and continues to the present. Therefore, the correct tense is the present perfect continuous tense:
"It has been raining since morning."

35. When father entered the room, she ________

(A) is reading.

(B) was reading.

(C) has been reading.

(D) had been reading.

Answer:

(B) was reading.

Explanation:

The sentence describes an action that was in progress at a specific moment in the past. The past continuous tense ("was reading") is used to show that the action was happening when the father entered the room.

36. Rima _______ to read novels.

(A) like

(B) Likes

(C) liking

(D) liked

Answer:

(B) likes

Explanation:

The subject "Rima" is singular, so the verb should be in the present tense with an "s" added: "likes" to read novels.

37. What _______ he do yesterday

(A) did

(B) does

(C) done

(D) had done

Answer:

(A) did

Explanation:

The sentence refers to an action that happened in the past, so the correct verb form is the past tense: "What did he do yesterday?"

38. We ___________ to go to Mumbai next month.

(A) Will want

(B) Wanted

(C) has wanted

(D) Want

Answer:

(D) Want

Explanation:

The sentence expresses a future intention, so the correct form of the verb is the present tense ("want") used to talk about future plans:
"We want to go to Mumbai next month."

39. What caused the suspension of the train halt?

(A) it was destroyed

(B) the war

(C) agitation

(D) The passengers

Answer:

(B) the war

Explanation:

The suspension of the train halt at Rameswaram station occurred due to the outbreak of the Second World War. The war led to changes in services, including the suspension of train halts and other disruptions.

40. Toto suddenly poked his head out of the bag and gave the ticket collector a wide ____________

(A) grin

(B) frown

(C) pout

(D) scowl

Answer:

(A) grin

Explanation:

In "The Adventures of Toto", Toto, the monkey, poked his head out of the bag and gave the ticket collector a wide grin, which refers to a broad smile. This reaction is typical of the mischievous nature of Toto.

Directions: Question Nos. 41-45 are based on unseen comprehension. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions

The fossil fuel, firewood, and other things that we bum produce oxides of carbon which got released into the atmosphere. Earlier there happens to be a large number of trees which can easily filter the air we breathe in. But with the increase in demand for land, the people started cutting down of trees which caused deforestation. That ultimately reduced the filtering capacity of the tree. Moreover, during the last few decades, the numbers of fossil fuel burning vehicle increased rapidly which increased the number of pollutants in the air.

The main causes of air pollution include burning of fos tuel and firewood, smoke released from factories, volcanic eruptons. forest fires, bombardment, asteroids, carbon oxides, Chlorofluoro- carbons and many more. Besides, there are some other air poliut- ants like industrial waste, agricultural waste, power plants, thermal nuclear plants, etc. The greenhouse effect is also the cause of air pollution because air pollution produces the gases that greenhouse involves. Besides, it increases the temperature of earth surface so much that the polar caps are melting and most of the UV rays are easily penetrating the surface of the earth.

The air pollution has many bad effects on the health of people. It is the cause of many skins and respiratory disorder in human beings. Also, it causes heart disease too. Air pollution causes asthma, bronchitis, and many other diseases.

41. The fossil fuel, firewood, and other things that we burn produce -

(A) oxides of nitrogen

(B) oxides of carbon

(C) oxides of sulphur

(D) oxides of phosphorus

42. The trees filter the gas evolved from burning down fossil fuel -

[6]

(A) oxides of phosphorus

(C) oxides of chlorine

43. The CFC stands for -

(A) Chlorofluorochloro

(C) Chlorofluorocarbon

(B) oxides of sulphur

(D) oxides of carbon

(B) Carbonfinecarbon

(D) Carbonfluorochromium

44. The greenhouse effect is caused by-

(A) Carbon dioxide

(C) Chlorine oxide

(B) Phosphorus pentoxide

45. The air pollution mainly causes following respiratory disorder-

(A) asthma

(C) meningitis

(D) Manganese dioxide

(B) cancer

(D) leprosy

[SECTION-B]

46. Answer the following questions briefly:

(a) Why did Margie hate school?

2×5-10

(b) When and how did Bismillah Khan get his big break?

(c) How did Abdul Kalam earn his first wages?

(d) Analyse the character of Abdul Kalam's mother.

(e) What is poet's dilemma in "The Road Not Taken"?

[SECTION-C]

47. Why does grandfather take Toto to Saharanpur and how? Why does the ticket Collector insist on calling Toto a dog? 2+2=4

Or

How does Toto take a bath? Where has he learnt to do this?

How does Toto almost boil himself alive?

48. Why do the courtiers call the prince "The Happy Prince?? Is he really happy? Or 2+2-4 What are the precious things mentioned in the story? Why are they precious? 2+2-4

[SECTION-D]

49. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1x5-5

(a) This shop doesn't have the toys I am looking. (up/for/in)

(b) My birthday is Monday (in/on/at)

(c) He fell his horse (from/of/off)

(d) She is not home. (in/at/on)

(e) You should apply that post (to/for/on)

50. Rearrange the following jumble words into meaningful sentences: 1×3=3

(a) All over/spoken/is/the/world/English

(b) never/your/l/forget/ advice

(c) Carry/many/it/can/passengers.

51. Rewrite the following sentences as directed:

1×5=5

(a) She did the household work. (Make it interrogative sentence)

(b) You like playing. (Add a question tag)

(c) I want to go to school.

(Ask a question with "where" to get the answer)

(d) The child is much better now

(Ask a question with 'How' to get the answer)

(e) She sings well. (add a question tag)

[SECTION-E]

52. Amplify any one of the following?

(a) Knowledge is power.

(b) Rome was not built in a day.

53. Translate into Mother tongue:

1×4=4

(a) There is a library in our school.

(b) We live in a village.

(c) Assam is famous for tea..

(d) He likes to read stories; doesn't he?

54. Prepare a newspaper report using the following information. 5

Celebration of World Environment Day-5th June, 2024-9:30

AM-Tree Plantation Programme by the students and the teacher- Awareness Speech given by the Principal of your school-Poster Making Competition-Prize distribution-Closing of the event.

=X=

5