English Grammar TENSES

 

TENSES

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Correct Tense Solving:

 Technique No-1: 

 কিছুমান Time Expressionৰ যোগেদি Tense ৰ চিনাক্ট কৰণ আরু কিছু নিয়ম---

       নিয়ম: তলত দিয়াৰ দৰে, শব্দবোৰ যি Tense ত আছে সেই Tense তেই বাক্যটো হ’ব বুলি অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি ৷

Present indefinite:-

       Always(সদায়), every day/week/month etc (প্রতি দিন/সপ্তাহ/মাহ), often (প্রায় বা সঘনাই), now and then (মাজে মাজে), usually (সাধাৰণতে), occasionally (কাতচিৎ বা মাজে মাজে), regularly (নিয়মিত), normally (স্বাভাৱিক ভাৱে), seldom (খুব কমেই বা কাতচিৎ), sometimes (কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা), Look,  *বৰ্তমানৰ অভ্যাসগত কাম, *চিৰসত্য বাক্য,

 

Present Continuous:-

       Now (এতিয়া), at this moment (এই খিনি সময়ত), right now (এতিয়াই), Hurry up! (Sometime use in present continuous), don't disturb (sometime use in present continuous), busy (ব্যস্ত), and running verb provided a meaning of continue with present sense, আরু চলিত Verb ৰ ক্ষেত্রত যিটো বৰ্তমানৰ লগত সংলগ্ন থাকে আরু বৰ্তমানত চলি থকা বাক্যবোৰৰ ক্ষেত্রত যত সময় নিৰ্দ্দিষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ নাথাকে অৰ্থাৎ কিমান সময় ধৰি (for) বা কিমান সময়ৰ পৰা (since) উল্লেখ নাথাকে ।

 

Present Perfect:-

       Already (ইতিমধ্যে), ultimately (শেষ পৰ্যন্ত বা চূড়ান্তভাৱে), just now (এই মাত্র), just (মাত্রই), yet (এই পৰ্যন্ত), never (কেতিয়াও নোহোৱা), ever (কেতিয়াও বা কেতিয়াবা বা নিৰন্তৰ), not yet (এই পৰ্যন্তলৈকে নোহোৱা), so far (এই পৰ্যন্তলৈকে), till now (এই পৰ্যন্তলৈকে), up to now (এই পৰ্যন্তলৈকে) আরু বৰ্তমানত শেষ হোৱা সকলো কামৰ বাবে আরু অতীতত শেষ হোৱা কিন্তূ বৰ্তমানলৈকে প্রভাৱ পৰা বাক্যবোৰৰ ক্ষেত্রত etc

 

Present Perfect Continuous:-

       Since(পৰা), and For(ধৰি), আরু সময় লৈ/ধৰি বা বহু সময়ৰ পৰা/ধৰি বৰ্তমানত চলি থকা বাক্যবোৰৰ ক্ষেত্রত

                                                                                                                                                                                                      

Past Indefinite:-

       When(যেতিয়া), while (যেতিয়া), last day/night/month etc (শেষ দিন/ৰাতি/মাহ ইত্যাদি), yesterday(কালি), used to(ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল/হৈছিল), once upon a time(এসময়ৰ কথা), once or once a day/month/year etc (এবাৰ/এদিনাখন/এটা মাহত/এক বছৰত ইত্যাদি),., recently(অলপতে), ago(পূৰ্বতে বা আগতে), it is time(এই খিনি সময়ত), as if (এনে যেন), as though (যদিওবা), the other day (অন্য দিন), I wish (Sometime use in past indefinite), আরু লগতে অতীতত হৈছিল বা ঘটিছিল বাক্যবোৰত যিবোৰ চলিত বা শেষ হোৱা নুবুযায় ।

 

Past Continuous:-

       When(যেতিয়া) and while(যেতিয়া) with running sense, আরু অতীতৰ চলিত বাক্যৰ লগত য’ত সময় নিৰ্দ্দিষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ নাথাকে অৰ্থাৎ কিমান সময় ধৰি (for) বা কিমান সময়ৰ পৰা (since) উল্লেখ নাথাকে ।  

 

Past Perfect:-

       Before and After with finished work (Before আরু After ৰ সৈতে অতীতৰ সমাপ্ত কাম), আরু অতীতত সমাপ্ত হোৱা কামসমূহৰ সৈতে

 

Past Perfect Continuous:-

       অতীতত কোনো নিৰ্দ্দিষ্ট সময় ধৰি (for) বা নিৰ্দ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ পৰা (since) কোনো কাম চলি আছিল এনে অৰ্থত

 

Future Indefinite:-

       Tomorrow (কালিলৈ), the next day (পিছৰ দিনা), after an hour(এঘন্টাৰ পাছত), tonight (আজি ৰাতি), shortly (অলপতে ভৱিষ্যতত), assumption বা ধাৰণা কৰাৰ বাক্যৰ ক্ষেত্রত, Example: I think, probably, we might, perhaps etc

 

Future Continuous:-

       At this time tomorrow (কালিলৈ এইখিনি সময়ত), আরু ভৱিষ্যতত কোনো কাম চলি থাকিব)

 

Future Perfect:-

       ভৱিষ্যতত কোনো কাম সমাপ্ত হ’ব বুজালে

 

Future Perfect Continuous:

ভৱিষ্যতত কোনো কাম সময় লৈ বা ধৰি চলি থাকিব ।

প্ৰয়োগ :-

1.He always (go) to school on foot.

এই বাক্যটোত থকা ‘always’ শব্দটোৰ জৰীয়তে আমি অনুমান কৰিব পাৰো যে এই শব্দটো ‘Present Indefinite’ ত ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব লাগে, সেয়ে-

Present Indefinite- Subject + present form of the verb + s/es, with 3^rd person singular number

   He always goes to school on foot.

 Some Examples on Technique No-1

1.I (write) this letter since morning.

Ans- I have been writing this letter since morning. (Since-Present Perfect Continuous)

2. The bus usually (arrive) here at 6 O’clock.

Ans- The bus usually arrives here at 6 O’clock. (Usually-Present Indefinite)

3. It is time you (go) home. (It is time-Past Indefinite)

Ans- It is time you went home.

4. I (not take) my breakfast yet.(Yet-Present Perfect)

Ans- I have not taken my breakfast yet.

5. I wish I (accept) the job. (I wish-Past Indefinite)

Ans- I wish I accepted the job.

6. Hurry up, the taxi (wait).(Hurry up-Present   )

Ans- Hurry up, the taxi is waiting.

7. They (live) in Delhi for ten years. (For-Time + Continuous=Present Perfect Continuous)

Ans- They have been living in Delhi for ten years.

8. She (work) in this school since 1990. (since-Time + Continuous=Present Perfect Continuous)

Ans- She has been working in this school  since 1990.

9. I wish I (can) help you. . (I wish-Past Indefinite)

Ans- I wish I could help you.

10. It’s time we (return) home. (It is time-Past Indefinite)

Ans- It’s time we returned home.

11. The new teacher (teach) us now for six months. (For-Time + Continuous=Present Perfect Continuous)

Ans- The new teacher has been teaching us now for six months.

12. Our teacher (go) to London last year. (Last Year-Past Indefinite)

Ans- Our teacher went to London last year.

13. He talks as if he (know) everything.(as if-Past Indefinite)

Ans- He talks as if he knew everything.

14. The other day I (meet) a magician in the bazaar.(The other day-Past Indefinite)

Ans- The other day I met a magician in the bazaar.

15. I wish, I (be) a king. (I wish-Past Indefinite)

Ans- I wish I were a king.

16. It is time we (go) to bed. (It is time-Past Indefinite)

Ans- It is time we went to bed.

17. She behaves as if she (know) everything. (as if-Past Indefinite)

Ans- She behaves as if she knew everything.

Technique No-2:

*1: যদি এটা বাক্য Past Indefinite Tenseত হয় তেনেহ’লে আনটো বাক্য Past Continuous হব যদিহে আনটো বাক্যর Verb টো চলিত হয় (EX-Sleep, run, write, read, clean, etc)  অথবা কামটো চলি থকা বুজায়, 

EX-

When we went (Past Indefinite) to Hostel, Deba (sleep) {Past Continuous} in bed.                                                                     

Past Continuous:

Subject + was/were + verb + ing

When we went to Hostel, Deba was sleeping in bed।

*2: যদি এটা বাক্য Past Indefinite Tenseত হয়, তেনেহ’লে আনটো বাক্য Past Perfect হব যদিহে আনটো বাক্যর Verb টো Finishing Verb হয়(Ex- Finish, complete, leave, begin, etc) অথবা কামটো সমাপ্ত হোৱা বুজায়, 

When we went to the field, the match (begin).

Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle of the verb

When we went to the field, the match had begun.

*3.যদি এটা বাক্য Past Indefinite Tenseত হয় তেনেহ’লে আনটো বাক্য Past Indefinite হব যদিহে আনটো বাক্যর Verb টো Continuous/Perfect ত  নহয় 

(ex-feel, think, know, hope, love, like, believe, understand, want, see, matter, resemble, contain, belong, posses, consist etc)

 

অথবা কামটো কেবল হৈছিল বা ঘটিছিল বুজায় কিন্তূ চলি থকা বা শেষ হোৱা নুবুজায়, 

When I saw him in the market then he (see) me for the first time.

Past Indefinite: Subject + past form of the verb

When I saw him in the market then he saw me for the first time.

Some examples on Technique No-2:

1.When he entered my room, I (write) a letter.

Ans- When we entered my room, I was writing a letter.(One Past indefinite, other Past Continuous)

2. The match (start) before we reached the field.

Ans- The match had started before we reached the field. (One Past In. & other Past Perfect)

3. When he came in, I (write) a letter.

Ans- When he came in, I was writing a letter.(One Past Indefinite & other past continuous)

4. He (walk) across the road when a scooter hit him.

Ans- He was walking across the road when a scooter hit him.  (One Past Indefinite & other Past Cont.)

5.She died after she (suffer) for five years.

Ans- she died after she had suffered for five years.

6. When he came, it (be) all over.

Ans- When he came, it was all over.

7. When he started for office, it still (rain).

Ans- When he started for office, it was still raining. (Past Indefinite & Past Continuous)

8. He (reach) the station before the train departed.

Ans- He had reached the station before the train departed. (Past Ind. & Past Perfect)

9. Mohan (reach) home before it started raining.

Ans- Mohan had reached home before it started raining. (Past Ind. & Past Perf.)

10. The lady slipped while she (climb) the steps.

Ans- The lady slipped while she was climbing the steps. (Past Indef. & Past. Con.)

11. He jumped off the bus while it (move).

Ans- He jumped off the bus while it was moving.

(Past Indefinite & other Past Continuous)

12. The boys (play) in the garden when the tree fell down.

Ans- The boys were playing in the garden when the tree fell down. (Past Indefinite & Past Cont.)

13.  She (read) a book when I saw her.

Ans- She was reading a book when I saw her.(One Past Ind. & other Past Con.)

14. The bell rang after we (finish) our work.

Ans- The bell rang after we had finished our work.(One is Past Ind. & other Past Perfect)

Technique No-3:

ওপৰৰ নিয়মটো এনেধৰণে ব্যবহাৰ হয়-

যদি কোনো এটা বাক্য Present Indefinite Tense হয় আরু আনটো বাক্য ভবিষ্যতে সমাপ্ত হ’ব বুজায় নতুবা সমাপ্ত Verb (ex-finish, complete, etc) থাকে, তেন্তে আনটো বাক্য Future Perfect হব ।

Ex- I (finish) this work, before my father comes back.

ওপৰৰ এটা বাক্য Present Indefinite (my father comes back)আরু আনটো বাক্যই কামটো সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ কথা কৈছে অথবা Finishing Verb (finish) আছে, সেয়ে আনটো বাক্য Future Perfect ৰ হ’ব ।

সেয়ে,

Future Perfect:

Subject + shall/will have + Past participle of the verb

I shall have finished this work, before my father comes back.

ন’হলে, হ’ব বা ঘটিব বুজালে কিন্তু সমাপ্ত নুবুজালে Future Indefinite হব ।

If it rains, I (not go) to school today.

Ans: If it rains, I shall not go to school today.

 

Present Indefinite,   Future Indefinite

1. I shall wait here until he (come) back.

Ans- I shall wait here until he comes back.( One Future Indefinite & other present Indefinite)

2. He (stay) here until you returns.

Ans- He will stay here until you return.(One Present Indefinite and other Future Indefinite)

3. We shall wait here until he (come) back.

Ans- We shall wait here until he comes back. (Future Ind. & Present Ind.)

 

Technique No-4 :

For 'If' sentences:

If  সাধাৰণতে, Conditional বাক্যবোৰৰ ক্ষেত্রত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । এই বাক্যবোৰ ২ টা Form ত ব্যবহাৰ হয় । সেয়ে  Correct Tense কৰিবলৈ একেবাৰে সহজ । আমি কেবল এটা Form  মন কৰিলে হয়, আনটো Form  তলত দিয়া ধৰণে উলিয়াব পাৰি ।

Form কেইটা হ’লঃ-

Rule-1:   Open Condition/Probable Condition:

If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite

(Subject + Present form of verb) + (Subject + Shall/will + Present form of verb)

যদি তুমি আহা, মই বিদ্যালয়লৈ যাম ।

If you come (Present Indefinite), I shall go to school (future Indefinite) .

Correct Tense:

Ex-1: If it rains, I (not go) to the market.

এই বাক্যটোত এটা Present Indefiniteত(it rains.) আছে, সেয়ে আনটো Future Indefinite ত হব ।

If it rains, I shall not go(future indefinite) to the market.

Ex-2:

I shall go to the party if he (come) at this moment.

এই বাক্যটোত এটা Future Indefiniteত( I shall go )আছে, সেয়ে আনটো Present Indefinite ত হব ।

I shall go to the party if he comes at this moment.

Rule-2: Imaginary /Improbable Condition (এই Condition বোৰ বৰ্তমান বা ভৱিষ্যতে পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা প্রায়েই কম বা শূণ্য

If + Past Indefinite +    Past Future Indefinite

(Subject+past form of the verb) + (subject + would/could (কেতিয়াবা) + present form of the verb)

Important note:

ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা Past Indefinite ত যদি was/were ব্যবহাৰ কৰিব লগা হয়, তেনেহলে were (Ex- I were) হে হব । লগতে Past Future Indefinite মানে  Future Indefinite(I will go) তেই, মাত্র ইয়াৰ will ৰ past form would হৈছে ।

মই যদি চৰাই হলোহেতেন, মই আকাশত উৰিলোহেতেন ।

If I were a bird (past indefinite),      I would fly(past future Indefinite) in the sky.  

(Subject + past form of the verb) + (subject + would + present form of the verb)

Correct Tense:

If I (be) you, I would  help him.

If I were you(past indefinite), I would help him(past future indefinite).

If I were a king, I (keep)  my people happiest.

If I were a king, I would keep my people happiest.

Rule-3: Unfulfilled Condition/ condition not possible to fulfill (too late)/Impossible Condition

Past Perfect + Past Future Perfect

(Subject + had + past participle of the verb) + (Subject + Would + have + past participle of the verb)

যদি মই তালৈ গলো হয়, তেওঁক মই যোগাযোগ কৰিলোহেতেন ।

If I had gone there, I would have contacted him.

এনে ধৰণৰ কথা সম্ভব আছিল কিন্তু সম্ভব নহ’ল ।

Correct Tense:

Ex-1:

If I had been to the party, I (enjoy) the party.

If I had been to the party (Past Perfect), I would have enjoyed (Past Future Perfect) the party.

Ex-২:

If I (arrive ) on time, I would have completed the work.

If I had arrived on time (past perfect), I would have completed (Past Future perfect) the work.

Some Examples:

2. You (fail) unless you work harder.

Ans- You will fail unless you work harder.(One sentence future indefinite and other is present indefinite)

4. If you (neglect) your studies, you will fail.

Ans- If you neglect your studies, you will fail.(One sentence future indefinite and other is present indefinite)

23. If you (request) him, he would have helped you.

Ans- If you had requested him, he would have helped you. (Conditional and possible, so past perfect and future perfect)

27. If I (know) his address, I would have contacted him.

Ans:- If I had known his address, I would have contacted him. (Conditional & Possible, so Past Perfect and Future Perfect)

31. If I (be) you, I should not accept that post.

Ans- If I were you, I should not accept that post. (Impossible, so past indefinite

Exercise:

1. Open Condition:

1. If you request me, I will accompany you.

2. If you don’t hungry, you will miss the train.

3. If he works hard, he will succeed.

4. If it rains, we will remain indoors.

5. if you come, I will help you.

6. If he works hard, he will pass the examination.

7. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.

2: Imaginary /Improbable Condition

1. If he won a lottery, he would give me a laptop.

2. If I were a bird, I could/would fly.

3. If I had wings, I could fly.

4. If a tiger appeared here, everybody would run away.

Rule-3: Unfulfilled Condition

1. If I had known your address, I would have visited you.

2. If he had worked hard, he would have succeeded.

3. If he had won a lottery, he would have lived a luxurious life.

4. If I had seen you, I would have wished you ‘Good Morning’.

5. If I had been a Prime Minister, I would have abolished entrance examinations.

Technique No-5:

এই নিয়মটো Present Perfect Tense র বাবে প্রযোজ্য । কিছুমান কাম সাধারণতে অতীতত সমাপ্ত হ’লেওঁ ইয়ার প্রভাৱ বর্তমানলৈকে পরি থাকে এনেকোৱা বাক্যবোর Present Perfect Tense ত লিখিব লাগে ।

Ex-Father is not at home, he (go) to market.

Ans: Father is not at home, he has gone to market.

 ওপরর বাক্যটোর অর্থ এই যে দেউতা ঘরত নাই, তেওঁ বজারলৈ গ’ল । ইয়াত বর্তমান ‘দেউতা ঘরত নাই’, বজারলৈ যোৱা কামটো অতীতত হৈছিল যদিও ইয়ার প্রভাব বর্তমানেও আছে, সেয়ে এই বাক্যটো Present Perfect ত লিখিব লাগিব। তলত আরু কেইটামান উদাহরণ দিয়া হ’ল-

1.I (cut) my finger, it is bleeding now.

I have cut my finger (present perfect), it is bleeding now.

2.I (see) the Tajmahal, so I know about its beautiful.

I have seen the Tajmahal, so I know about its beautiful.

3. He cannot play in the match as he (injure) his foot.

Ans- He cannot play in the match as he has injured his foot.

4. Father is not at home, he (gone) out.

Ans- Father is not at home, he has gone out.

5. John (write) a number of short stories.

Ans- John has written a number of short stories.

6.Negative sense of Since and For, Rule/Technique :

* সাধাৰণতে for/Since থাকিলে আমি Present/Past Perfect Continuous Tense ত লিখিব লাগে কিন্তু কিছুমান Verb আছে যেনে-Meet, be, know আদি যিবোৰ Present/Past Perfect Continuous Tense ত লিখিব নোৱৰি তেনেক্ষেত্রত বাক্যৰ Sense অনুসৰি Present/Past Perfect Tense ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে ৷

1.I(not meet) him for  a week.

Ans- I have not met him for a week.

2. I (not meet) my friend for ages.

Ans- I have not met my friend for ages.

3. We two (be) friends for long.

Ans- We two have been friends for long.

4. We (know) each other for the last ten years.

Ans- We have known each other for the last ten years.

5. We (know) each other for five years.

Ans- We have known each other for five years.

6. She (be) a teacher since 2002.

Ans- She has been a teacher since 2002.

7. He (be) a teacher since 1994.

Ans- He has been a teacher since 1994.

Some  Miscellanies Examples:

1.Look, there (go) the bus.

Ans- Look, there goes the bus.

2. I hurried back to the room (feel) very nervous, for it much easier (steal) something than to return it undetected. I (open) the door quietly, then (stand) in the doorway unclouded moonlight. Anil was still asleep. I (creep) to the head of the bed and my hand (come) up with the notes.

Ans- I hurried back to the room feeling very nervous, for it much easier to steal something than to return it undetected. I opened the door quietly, then stood in the doorway in clouded moonlight. Anil was still asleep. I crept to the head of the bed and my hand came up with the notes.

3. We should never (tell) a lie.

Ans- We should never tell a lie. (Always truth)

4.He always (boil) water before drink it.

Ans: He always boils water before drink it. (Present Indefinite for habitual action)

5. The boy (sleep), don’t disturb him.

Ans- The boy is sleeping, don’t disturb him.

6. Please ring me up as soon as he (come).

Ans- Please sing me up as soon as he comes.